• Insufficient charging

    From the perspective of electrochemical reaction, the lack of charging is manifested as the anode and cathode plate lead sulfate can not be fully converted into spongy lead and lead dioxide, which makes the battery insufficient capacity, such as long-term insufficient charge, it will cause lead sulfate crystallization, particle increase, so that the plate vulcanization, battery quality deteriorates. |

    • Overcharging

    Overcharging will make the amount of oxygen produced by the anode greater than the absorption capacity of the cathode, thus increasing the internal pressure of the battery, and eventually opening the safety valve, gas overflow, resulting in a reduction of the electrolyte. In addition, overcharging will also have an impact on the active substance of the anode and cathode plate, softening the active substance, destroying the lattice interface of the positive plate, and transforming the a molecule into the b molecule, and the b molecule is irreversible. Even if recharged, the capacity cannot be restored, and the battery life is greatly shortened.

    • Poor battery process failure caused by safety valve leakage, positive plate corrosion, deformation, active material falling off, softening, etc. caused by process defects in the battery production process

    • As much as possible 100% full battery, so that all the chemicals in the battery to participate in the charge and discharge reaction, reduce the formation of lead sulfate crystals and accumulation expansion.

    • In the late charging period, it is necessary to take the necessary measures to reduce the speed of gas precipitation and gas evolution, so as to reduce the loss of battery electrolyte (referred to as water loss) If the two-stage constant current constant voltage method is used, the above two are easy to achieve, but for the application of electric bicycles, 40 hours of charging time is simply not practical. The normal charging time that people can accept must be less than 12 hours, so the three-stage or intelligent pulse type must be used to meet the requirements of the charging time. Whether it is the ordinary three-stage type or the pulse type, if the voltage battery is low in the later stage of charging, the charging is insufficient within the limited time, if the charging voltage is high, it will inevitably cause a large amount of gas precipitation near the electrode. The diagram on the next page shows gas extraction and recombination and specific data. When the precipitated hydrogen and oxygen gas cannot be combined in time to increase the pressure, the battery will exhaust water through the exhaust valve. "A reasonably designed charger should ensure that it is fully charged within a limited time, and at the same time reduce the speed and volume of gas precipitation as much as possible.

    • Theoretically, charging with positive and negative pulses helps to reduce the phenomenon of "vulcanization" and "polarization" during the battery charging process, increase the recombination rate of positive and negative hydrogen and oxygen gases, and reduce battery water loss.

    • Reasonable use of pulse charging mode has no obvious adverse consequences on the battery itself.

    • A number of domestic charger manufacturers and individuals claim that their pulse chargers can extend battery life by more than double. How many effects, I believe that a year or two later the majority of consumers will have a conclusion. There has been no consensus on the efficacy of pulse charging in the world for 40 years, and perhaps a large number of practical data in China for another two years will provide sufficient evidence.